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Osteoarthritis, a leading cause of disability in aging individuals, is marked by the gradual degeneration of articular cartilage. Mechanical overuse, cumulative microtraumas, and chronic low-grade inflammation are primary contributors to cartilage erosion. This process triggers subchondral bone changes like osteophyte formation and inflammation of surrounding tissues.

This degenerative process is most prevalent in weight-bearing joints such as the knees, hips, and spine, but it can also affect the hands and shoulders. The loss of cartilage reduces the cushioning between bones, leading to pain and restricted movement during routine activities. Over time, bone spurs (osteophytes) can form, further exacerbating stiffness and discomfort. Patients with OA often find it difficult to walk, climb stairs, or even rise from a seated position, significantly reducing their ability to remain active and independent.

Systemic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, frequently afflicting hands and shoulders, introduce additional challenges, as autoimmune reactions attack synovial membranes and periarticular tissues. This chronic inflammatory response not only degrades cartilage but also weakens ligaments and erodes bone, resulting in joint deformities and severe functional impairment.

Traumatic injuries are another significant source of musculoskeletal damage. Fractures caused by falls or high-energy impacts disrupt bone continuity, while ligament tears or tendon ruptures compromise joint stability and mobility. In elderly patients, the natural decline in regenerative capacity further impairs the healing of both bone and soft tissues, prolonging recovery and increasing the likelihood of complications.

Furthermore, osteonecrosis, often linked to impaired blood supply, leads to localized bone death and collapse, particularly in the femoral head. Collectively, these defects not only compromise structural integrity but also diminish physical function and independence, creating a cascade of negative effects on patients’ overall quality of life.

The spine is another critical area, where osteoporosis predisposes vertebrae to compression fractures, leading to kyphosis (hunched posture), chronic back pain, and reduced height. These changes not only cause discomfort but also affect balance, increasing the risk of further falls and injuries. In some cases, degenerative disc disease exacerbates these issues, contributing to nerve compression and radiating pain.